American Ethnic Literature Essay

American Literature has been an important part of American people for centuries. What makes this type of literature great is that the authors vision is objective and not one sided. Several of the American authors are still considered to be great writers. The books that were written by these authors are still read by people of all ages around the United States. These books are now considered classic literature. American literature is considered American because it was written by American people. Overall, â€Å"editors appear to use an inconsistent combination of citizenship, geographical location, language, and subject matter (that is, the subject of America and the United States) (Hames- Garcia, p. 1, 2003). Most of the American literature was written by white men. In order to be considered American literature it has to be about the United States. There have been many great authors that write about science fiction, but because it is unreal their literature is not considered American literature. Politics also played an important role in literature. It was of great importance to portray the American character as an â€Å"exceptional entity† (Hames-Garcia, p. 1, 2003). In the early twentieth century, writers who were not American white men were not allowed to publish their works. Women writers as well as Black, Latino, American Indian, and immigrant writers were left out altogether. This happened because other ethnic groups were considered to be inferior. It was until the 1970s that feminist began to speak out and rebel against the oppression they were faced with. It is thanks to this reform that the American literature holds diversity. It allows for men and women to have the same opportunity to express their feelings without having to worry about their race or sex. Another type of literature is ethnic literature. This type of literature is often read as an autobiography, even when making no such claims. This is written on a first person point of view. The author’s point of view is specific to their personal beliefs and life stories. It is difficult for this type of author to provide an objectionable story. They are blinded by anger because of what they had to live. The topics these authors write about covers racism and suppression. The definitions and topics will vary depending on the life experiences that each author or their families experienced. The storyline will also vary because each author lived different time periods, and of course things change over time. Ethnic Literature is great because it now holds different point of views. Every person has a different perspective on what happens around them. What allows for this to be great is that each person is entitled not only to have their own belief, but they are able to express their feelings with freedom. No person is afraid of what repercussion might come because they decided to write from their heart. The truth allows readers to realize that life has been harder for some people more than others. It is easy to forget what our ancestors had to experience in order for each individual to encounter freedom. It is now easy for men and women of all races to walk freely around their city. This however came at a price, and this type of literature allows human beings to read and experience in some small way what it was like to live in a world were the color of your skin as well as your sex had a lot to do with the quality of life you lived. American Literature will continue to play an important role in American people. The only way to enjoy this type of literature is to introduce our younger generations to it. This is the perfect material needed to give to young readers so that they can value the lifestyle they are allowed to live today. It is up to us to keep this tradition alive so that our future generation can enjoy it as well. Reference Michael Hames-Garcia. (2003). Which America is ours? Marti’s â€Å"Truth† and the foundations of â€Å"American literature†. Modern Fiction Studies, 49(1), 19-53. Retrieved October 25, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 328665241). Yonjae Jung. (2004). The New Americanist Intervention into the Canon. American Studies International, 42(2/3), 213-225. Retrieved October 26, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 676208971).

Premarital sex and religion Essay

There are many different effects premarital sex can have on a person. The ones that hit someone the hardest are emotional. An example of this would be attachment to your sexual partner. This is one of the most predominant problems with sex before marriage. Misleading feelings is another emotional effect of fornication. This often comes from confusion between sex and love. Sex outside of marriage turns the relationship upside down and mixes emotions to the point of misinterpreting feelings. When we mix sex and love, we confuse the concepts of giving and taking. Personal selfish reasons cause premarital sex to take, but sometimes the taking may be confused as giving. A girl gives in to have the security the boy provides, or maybe the popularity achieved in being his girlfriend. Many times young people are misled by these emotions and think they really are â€Å"in love.† ?The sex is so powerful that it creates a strong emotional bond often when there is little in common and little basis for a lasting relationship?(tant 3). Those mixed up feelings are destructive in a dating relationship and can have tragic consequences if the relationship progresses to marriage. God’s plan protects us from the devastating effects those conf used emotions bring. Sex does not constitute love. As Christians, we are to develop agape love, the kind God has for us that gives with no expectation of getting something in return.. Love is primarily an act of the will, but has tremendous emotional overtones because it has to do with how we relate to people. Our actions of love are tied to our emotions because relationships naturally have emotional bonds. Likewise sex has a powerful emotional aspect because God meant for it to be a joining of soul and mind as well as a physical union. That involves the moral conscience which can inflict pain after the physical pleasure is gone, unless the two have become one in marriage. Marital sex is a model of God’s provision to draw us closer to one another and to him. The hardship of breaking off the relationship is another consequence. The pain that comes when one breaks up with a sexual partner is often an emotionally terrible tearing apart. Even when a couple realizes that fornication is sinful, they may try to find ways to justify the relationship because of the emotional bond formed between them. Sex forms a bond that exists when the rest of the relationship is bad. We see evidence of that when a girl stays with a partner who physically abuses her,  and who often treats her like dirt. Some try to justify sexual experience before marriage as profitable to see if the two are compatible, but studies show a greater incidence of divorce among couples who are sexually active before marriage. Often these first experiences are not pleasurable and leave greater emotional scars that must be dealt with in marriage. Emotional damage almost always comes as a result of fornication and adultery. There has been a great increase in teenage suicide in recent years as sexual promiscuity has increased, along with increased pregn ancy, abortion and STDs. Certainly this unrestrained life-style is one factor of the high suicide rate. Unequal levels of commitment is an effect that is nearly always present in premarital sex and can bring emotional devastation. Especially for girls and women, the sex act has a psychologically binding effect. Sex increases the feeling of closeness to the partner. When this is not shared, one partner is always vulnerable to rejection. â€Å"What if I don’t please him any longer?† If the boy is not as committed, the girl may feel she is merely being used by the guy to fulfill his physical lust. God’s design for marriage brings protection against emotional suffering and builds self esteem as we realize we are unique creatures made in the image of our Creator. The sexual bonding as he created it in marriage is for our good. A young person who uses self control to say no to sex outside of marriage is building discipline and security into future relationships, because waiting gives your mind and body time to mature. If we do not learn to develop self-control before mar riage, it makes it easier for a lack of self-control to lead to extra-marital affairs after marriage. Various studies have confirmed this fact. There is the involuntary comparison of sex partners. This is very harmful to both partners as they deal with mental flashbacks of earlier sexual encounters. These can be frustrating, disturbing, and destructive to a couple who later desire to experience God’s plan for true intimacy and love in their marriage. Minds are like computers, as all information is stored there. Intimate sexual encounters which involve senses of sight, sound, and touch are not easily erased. Memories are called to mind by association. Something from within us (thoughts, feelings, actions) or from without  (through our five senses) remind us of something similar from the past. If these earlier experiences involve hurt, pain, mistrust, exploitation, or guilt, then permanent scars are left which carry over into marriage. This is one reason rape and incest are so devastating in people’s lives. The most important sex organ God gave us is the mind. When two people learn about sex together for the first time within marriage, they are creating vivid and unforgettable memories. These are positive memories that bind two people together in a loving, trusting union without any interferences from the past. There are damaged family relationships as a result of sex before marriage. Often premarital sex is justified because they are getting married anyway. But studies have shown that there are twice as many broken engagements among those couples and those are the ones more likely to be divorced or separated or to engage in adultery. One of the things God protects is the trust and assurance of fidelity that a proper sexual union brings. There are children who come as a result of fornication and adultery. Safe sex is very often not safe as a prevention of pregnancy. Then a child is born without the proper foundation for nurturing that should be there. The exploding violence among teens has a direct relationship to children born out of wedlock and raised by a single parent. What God intended as a blessing of man and woman’s love brings shame, embarrassment, and trouble. Damaged relationship with parents also comes as a result of unlawful sexual behavior. Godly, loving parents can forgive but they will experience hurt and pain for the young people who have strayed from the boundaries God has established. Many parents feel absolutely distressed and confused with confronted with the issue of their children and premarital sex, and well they might; children can see all around them conflicting messages from television and movies, from books, from their peers, and from their boyfriends or girlfriends, the people whom they may think care for them most. Let your message be clear and steadfast. Although teens long for excitement and spontaneity, they certainly don’t need it from their parents! There are relational reasons to wait for sex until marriage. For one thing, sex hinders communication. Sex is often the easy way out to those who have never learned to communicate intimately apart from the physical. Efforts to really get to know the person and their likes and dislikes are often hindered when sexual activity starts. Sex becomes the focus, and other aspects of the relationship have no chance to develop. And a relationship based solely on sex is in trouble, for you can spend only so much time in bed. ?When we delay physical involvement till its proper time, we allow the relationship to grow and mature?(mchanney4). Friendship lays the foundation for love to blossom. By obeying God’s plan to wait for sex, a couple can discover other ways to communicate that will do much in building a healthy relationship. There are damaged family relationships as a result of sex before marriage. Often premarital sex is justified â€Å"Because we are getting married anyway.† But studies have shown that there are twice as many broken engagements among those couples and those are the ones more likely to be divorced or separated or to engage in adultery. One of the things God protects is the trust and assurance of fidelity that a proper sexual union brings. There are children who come as a result of fornication and adultery. â€Å"Safe sex† is very often not safe as a prevention of pregnancy. Then a child is born without the proper foundation for nurturing that should be there. The exploding violence among teens has a direct relationship to children born out of wedlock and raised by a single parent. It will cause you to be confused, anxious, unsure if you did the right thing, dissatisfied, longing for your first love, always wondering what life would have been like with the first person, more likely to be untrue to your spouse, not trusted completely by your spouse if you choose to tell it and unable to communicate as easily if you are keeping a secret. You may also find yourself concerned about the negative effects you may have had on your first partner if you are a truly caring person. It just isn?t remotely worth causing yourself all this anguish and turmoil because you did not understand the importance of planning ahead and were talked into this harmful activity. We have to make up our own mind and stand firm when the test comes. The biggest worry to everyone still remains std?s. Fifty years ago, teens  were warned about two STDs (called â€Å"venereal diseases† then): syphilis and gonorrhea. What has our newfound sexual freedom brought? There are now over 50 STDs, and AIDS is not the only one that kills. And others can cripple and/or make life miserable. (Herpes is not a picnic.) Some cause birth defects that pass a parent’s foolish decision on to an innocent child. Furthermore, that sperm that causes pregnancy can get through a tiny tear or pinhole in a condom. But the virus that causes AIDS is up to 300 to 400 times smaller than the sperm. Other STD?s such as the bacteria and parasite animals can be treated with good results but sometimes they can lead to serious complications as many types of cancer, infertility, and birth defects. The most affected people by STD?s in the United States are teenagers because of the lack of knowledge about this field and their sexual life.

Fundaments Operations of Aircraft Propellers

Contents Abstract Introduction Pitch Blades Forced Acting on a Propeller Propellers Types Fixed-Pitch Propeller Ground-Adjustable Variable-Pitch Propeller Constant-Speed Propeller Appendix 1 References Abstract: _This text outlines the fundaments operations and aspects of aircraft propellers. It details the components, forces and workings of a propeller as well as discussing the difference between the different propeller types. _ Introduction: Propeller types are defined by blade pitch as being fixed or variable which will be further detailed later in the text. To fully appreciate the differences and understand the advantages of different pitched propellers we must first consider the fundamental characteristics of propellers. Usually propellers have two, three, or four blades; for high-speed or high-powered airplanes, six or more blades are used. In some cases these propellers have an equal number of opposite rotating blades on the same shaft, and are known as dual-rotation propellers. Small single engine aircraft have the propeller mounted on the front as multi-engine aircraft have them set on the wings. Pitch: What is pitch? Pitch is important as it is the main differential from propeller type to propeller type. Essentially pitch relates to the angle of the blade in respects to a flat plane. It is the helical blade path or simpler the distance the propeller blade covers during a full rotation and the cut it has on the air. Pitch is referred to in two ways, fine and coarse. A fine pitch propeller has a low blade angle, will try to move forward a small distance through the air with each rotation, and will take a ‘small' bite of the air. It requires relatively low power to rotate, allowing high propeller speed to be developed, but achieving only limited airspeed. This is like having a low gear in your automobile. (Brandon 2008) A coarse pitch propeller has a high blade angle, will try to advance a long distance through the air with each rotation, and will take a big ‘bite' of the air. It requires greater power to rotate, limiting the propeller speed that can be developed, but achieving high airspeeds. This is like having a high gear in your automobile. (Brandon 2008) The Blades: The propeller blades are in fact aerofoils producing lift and drag. As the propeller spins the leading edge of the blade cut through the atmosphere and accelerates a tube of air or_ relative airflow _the diameter of the propeller moving the aircraft forward. This rotation is able to work because the propeller blades are designed slightly different to wing aerofoils as they have a small twist in them so that the greatest angle is at the blade root and the smallest at the top, due to the different angle and speed that each section of the blade travels. These _blade _elements are in place at different angles because the linear velocity increase towards the tip of the blade as it has a greater distance to travel, the_ _angles prevent bending making each section advance through the air at the same rate. The blade angles combined with the forward motion and the circular rotation of the propeller keep constant the best angle of attack (AOA). The twist causes the blade path to follow an approximate helical path easiest seen in a linear form. This action is similar to a screw being turned in a solid surface, except that in the case of the propeller a slippage occurs because air is a fluid. Forces Acting on the Propeller: Aircraft that are not jet powered use a propeller which converts the rotational power from an aircrafts engine into aerodynamic forces; thrust power moving the aircraft forward through the atmosphere and propeller torque which acts in the plane of rotation. The plane of rotation is perpendicular to the propeller shaft. Propellers are conventionally placed in front of the engine on the engine drive shaft. During cruising flight the propeller torque balances the engine torque and the thrust balances the aircrafts drag force. The propeller rotates clock wise and when the forces are not balance the torque reaction increases a rolling friction on the aircraft. As the blades produce a thrust force, the thrust force pulls on the thinnest section of the blade attempting to bend the tips. For single engine aircraft with the propeller mounted on the front the clockwise rotation creates a vortex of air or slipstream that flows around and down the fuselage to the rudder which affects the lateral movement of the aircraft or a slight yaw to the left during cruising flight Variable-pitched propellers can have their blade angles/pitch altered and will be further explained. Two different forces experienced in these propellers can affect the blade angle. Centrifugal twisting moment (CTM) Aerodynamic twisting moment (ATM) CTM causes pulling stress at the base of the blade and a twisting force at the pitch change axis produce a finer pitch angle. The blade will want to align itself with the plane of rotation. The relative airflow over the blades produces a total reaction, an ATM where the total reaction is ahead of the pitch change axis, tempting the blade to twist, increasing the blade angle producing a coarser pitch. Windmilling propeller – Occurs when the propeller drives the engine. Caused by; steep dive with no power, sudden reduction in power, engine failure, causing the blades to twist to a finer pitch. Propeller Types: As stated earlier pitch is a main component between propeller functions. Under the classification of fixed and variable pitch propellers there are four common types, fixed-pitch, ground-adjustable, variable-pitch and constant-speed propeller. The first two are fixed propellers as the other two are variable. There are a few versions of variable-pitch propellers that may be seen in the aviation industry, two-position propeller, in flight-adjustable propeller, automatic propeller and the constant-speed propeller. The most commonly used at present will be concentrated on, elaborating on fixed through to the variable propellers and the enhancements of pitch control. Fixed-pitch propeller:_ _ The cheapest and crudest propulsion aero-device is the fixed-pitch propeller. Although it has been superseded many a time it is the most common type of propeller used in sport aviation. The fix-pitch means that the pitch of the propeller is decided by the manufacture, there is only one setting and the performance of the aircraft is confined by the constraint of that one setting. This means to reach the optimum RPM/airspeed the propeller has to function through inefficient speeds. Normally there are two versions, a climb propeller with a fine pitch setting or a cruise propeller with a coarse pitch setting. Ground-adjustable propeller: The pitch for a ground-adjustable propeller is able to be set for the condition of flying the aircraft will be doing but only before the flight. However it is still a fixed propeller as once the pitch is set in cannot be changed during the operation of the aircraft. These propellers are mainly installed on ultra light and experimental aircraft. More usually they are used as a low cost way to try out various pitches to determine the propeller pitch that best suits an aircraft. Variable-pitch propeller :_ _ A variable-pitch propeller is exactly what the name implies; the pitch can be controlled and adjusted in flight to the most efficient setting for a certain phases of flight. Simply during take-off the propeller would be set to a fine pitch allowing the engine to develop reasonable revs and then to a coarser pitch during cruising flight speed. The engine will be ticking over comfortable while the propeller cuts through more air. Combine this with throttle control a wide variety of power settings can be achieved maintaining airspeeds with the limits of the aircrafts engine speeds. This feature of a variable-pitch propeller will provide you with performance advantages, including: Reduced take-off roll and improved climb erformance. Fine pitch allows the engine to reach maximum speed and hence maximum power at low airspeeds. Vital for take-off, climb, and for a go-around on landing. (Brandon, 2008) Improved fuel efficiency and greater range. Coarse pitch allows the desired aircraft speed to be maintained with a lower throttle setting and slower propeller speed, so maintaining efficiency and improving range. (Brandon, 2008) Higher top speed. Coarse pitch will ensure your engine does not over speed while the propeller absorbs high power, producing a higher top speed. (Brandon, 2008) Steeper descent and shorter landing roll. With a fine pitch and low throttle setting, a slow turning propeller is able to add to the aircraft's drag, so slowing the aircraft quicker on landing. (Brandon, 2008) Constant-speed propeller : The constant-speed propeller is a special case of variable pitch, which is considered in a family of its own, and offers particular operating benefits. A constant-speed propeller allows the pilot to control the power just by the throttle once the propeller/engine speed has been optimally selected (actually controlling the absolute pressure of the fuel/air mix in the intake manifold [MAP] which then determines power output). This is controlled by a governor or constant speed unit (CSU) which detects the propeller speed and acts to keep it at the selected engine/propeller speed selected by the pilot and vice versa. If the propeller speed increases then the CSU will increase the pitch a little to bring the speed back within the limits. Thus creating vastly efficient running components during phases of flight (The governor or constant speed unit [CSU]_ may be an electronic device that detects the rotational speed of a slip-ring incorporated in the propeller hub, and controls operation of a servomotor/leadscrew pitch change actuator in the hub assembly. Or, it may be an hydraulic fly-ball governor attached to the engine, using engine oil to operate a hydraulic pitch change piston in the hub assembly. In the first case, the cockpit control device is likely to be knobs and switches. In the hydraulic system, the governor is likely to be cable operated from a cockpit lever — JB. _ (Brandon, 2008) While allowing the pilot to ignore the propeller for most of the time, the pilot must still choose the most appropriate engine/propeller speed for the different phases of flight. Take-off, go-around and landing. A high speed setting is used when maximum power is needed for a short time such as on take-off. The high speed setting may also be used to keep the propeller pitch low during approach and landing, to provide the desired drag and be ready for a go-around should it be required. (Brandon, 2008) Climb and high speed cruise. A medium speed setting is used when high power is needed on a continuous basis, such as during an extended climb, or high speed cruise. (Brandon, 2008) Economic cruise. A low speed setting is used for a comfortable cruise with a low engine speed. This operation produces low fuel consumption and longer range, while the advantages of low noise and low engine wear are also enjoyed. (Brandon, 2008) *Appendix 1: – *Description*s* (ThaiTechnics) Leading Edge of the airfoil is the cutting edge that slices into the air. As the leading edge cuts the air, air flows over the blade face and the camber side. {draw:frame} Blade Face is the surface of the propeller blade that corresponds to the lower surface of an airfoil or flat side, we called Blade Face. {draw:frame} Blade Back / Thrust Face is the curved surface of the airfoil. {draw:frame} Blade Shank (Root) is the section of the blade nearest the hub. Blade Tip is the outer end of the blade farthest from the hub. Plane of Rotation is an imaginary plane perpendicular to the shaft. It is the plane that contains the circle in which the blades rotate. {draw:frame} Blade Angle is formed between the face of an element and the plane of rotation. The blade angle throughout the length of the blade is not the same. The reason for placing the blade element sections at different angles is because the various sections of the blade travel at different speed. Each element must be designed as part of the blade to operate at its own best angle of attack to create thrust when revolving at its best design speed {draw:frame} *Blade Elements* are the airfoil sections joined side by side to form the blade airfoil. These elements are placed at different angles in rotation of the plane of rotation. The reason for placing the blade element sections at different angles is because the various sections of the blade travel at different speeds. The inner part of the blade section travels slower than the outer part near the tip of the blade. If all the elements along a blade is at the same blade angle, the relative wind will not strike the elements at the same angle of attack. This is because of the different in velocity of the blade element due to distance from the centre of rotation. {draw:frame} Relative Wind is the air that strikes and passes over the airfoil as the airfoil is driven through the air. Angle of Attack is the angle between the chord of the element and the relative wind. The best efficiency of the propeller is obtained at an angle of attack around 2 to 4 degrees. Blade Path is the path of the direction of the blade element moves. {draw:frame} Pitch refers to the distance a spiral threaded object moves forward in one revolution. As a wood screw moves forward when turned in wood, same with the propeller move forward when turn in the air. Geometric Pitch is the theoretical distance a propeller would advance in one revolution. {draw:frame} Effective Pitch is the actual distance a propeller advances in one revolution in the air. The effective pitch is always shorter than geometric pitch due to the fact that air is a fluid and always slips*. *

Quadrant Homes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Quadrant Homes - Case Study Example They align the goals of all stakeholders (Quadrant Homes ensures that the expectations of the stakeholders that have investment in their company are along the same lines so that everyone is all striving for the same cause. They recognize that variances will occur, and they design routines to handle them when they do (Quadrant Homes realizes that there will be times where the work doesn't flow like it should; as a result, they have routines set for their employees when these situation occur.) Quadrant Homes provides manufacturing and service because, not only do they build houses for people, but they also ensure that the customer is satisfied with their work. If not, they will strive to accommodate them. Quadrant Homes sold over 1,000 homes in 2003, and they produced over $250 millon in revenue; they turned an industry-leading profit margin, and produced a pretax return on investment (ROI) in the low 20s. Within its industry, Quadrant Homes was in the top ranking, in both net income and revenue, and they served as the number one homebuilder in its geographic market, doubling the sales of the next competitor. The success of Quadrant Homes was attributed to the fact that they changed the structure of the business and the way at which they were manufacturing houses (Quadrant Homes was building based on the forecase of houses they thought they could sell; as a result, houses would sit unsold for months which resulted in less revenue and high inventory.) As a result of Quadrant Homes losing revenue, in 1996, President Steve Dennis, Executive Vice President Peter Orser, and Operations Vice President Mark Gray decided to change the structure of the business by modeling the approach of successful Texas homebuilder, Rayco; they restructured the way homes were manufactured and sold, resulting in a system that would boost profits and revenue. 3. The high priorities of Quadrant Homes are best described as ensuring that the quality of the work that they manufacture are appeasing to their clients and the budget that they have set forth in their business. As a result, Quadrant Homes has focused on the relationships that they have developed with their subcontractors, helping to ensure that the work that they produce is of high quality to their clients. While Quadrant Homes sets a flowing chart for themselves to follow, they also set forth guidelines for their subcontract

European Satellite System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

European Satellite System - Essay Example But this programme needed financial help and contributions from the private communities to enhance the order ensuring the programme to be financially stable. (Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council) The European satellite radio navigation system puts forth a major public infrastructure which provides enormous advantages for the European Union. This will make it probable for the system to avoid the involvement, dependence and the domination of a third part system where crucial application areas are increasing rapidly every day. This programme will possess a control over the technology. This system is designed for the civilian users and will suit the requirements of the users that the present system cannot provide. It also is present in the European space policy described in the White Paper presented by the European Commission on 11 November 2003. But all these factors justify that a grip of the public authorities in funding the programme's deployment and operation is very essential. (Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council) Space science plays a vital and significant role in Europe's space programme

IF CURRENCY HEDGING IS SO BENEFICIAL, DO COMPANIES USE ALL HEDGING Essay

IF CURRENCY HEDGING IS SO BENEFICIAL, DO COMPANIES USE ALL HEDGING TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE - Essay Example cts of risks and portent losses in foreign exchange transactions, why has the ambit and scope of hedging not also been extended to other forms of speculative business, or even if it has, why is this that it has met only with a limited degree of success and accomplishment? The hedging strategy enables the investors/company to gain a clear understanding about the happening of the various events that may lead to loss of money for the investors. Foreign currency markets are considered to be very deep, relatively inexpensive and highly liquid where the fund managers are trying to manage their currency options in the foreign investment market. Currency hedging is the most frequently used approach used to manage the degree of risk that is involved in the foreign investment strategies. Research Hypothesis : Why degree of success of currency hedging cannot be derived from other types of non-currency losses or risks, given that in both cases, there is a great deal of monetary value involved in both speculative and currency transactions. That being said, it is necessary to first find out what are the relative advantages of using currency hedging during foreign exchange transactions. Currency hedging can be defined as â€Å"a particular  hedging  strategy  used to reduce  risks  in the foreign exchange market.†Ã‚   We shall consider for a brief moment that there is an importing company in Australia for wheat products, and similarly, there are exporters in London who are shipping the products to Australia. The Australian importing company is worried that if the value of GBP comes down, they would have to pay more for the purchase during future settlement. The current exchange rate is  £1 = AUS $ 1.7796. (Market rates, 2009). If the value of the GBP falls below 1.7796, he would have to pay more AUS $, and then incur losses. The currency exchange fluctuations may be minimal in the event of small transactions, but in the event the import business is for a few billion dollars,

Tesla Motors - Evaluating a Growth Company Case Study

Tesla Motors - Evaluating a Growth Company - Case Study Example However, it has the advantage over its competitors as it had developed the first electric car, Model S, which no other company has developed. If the market welcomes it, then the cash inflow in terms of income will rise and depict active growth. The major disadvantage of the Model used by Tesla is that it faces stiff competition from big companies like GM, Ford, Nissan, Toyota, and BMW which offers prestigious cars at relatively lower prices. As the market stands, the sales volume of its new model is relatively small, and this is a disadvantage considering its substantial investment in the production. The financial position of Tesla will improve in the future. The projection of Tesla fiscal standing will depict positive deviations. The sales volume will be over US $20,105 Million. The operating profit will double to US $ 2000 up from the current US $940 million. The net income will hit US $ 960 with a net margin of 4.43%. However, the operating margin will be 15% up from the current 8.46%. Additionally, its cost of production per unit will drop significantly, and the overall expenditure in production will decrease. The primary assumption made when making these assumptions is that the market for the electric car unveiled by Tesla will stabilize by 2025. As such, the sales volume of the company will rise and stabilize. Its market coverage will increase, and this will increase its customer base. It is assumed that by 2025, organization that campaign for environmental conservation will advocate for the use of vehicles that do not pollute the atmosphere. Therefore, Tesla’s brand will get a boost from the organizations that will want to become socially responsible. The increased operating margin and net income margin will be due to the uncertainty in the market and the rising market rivalry in competition. Most importantly, Tesla will out-compete its competitors as it will have efficient production machines and systems to produce its cars

Level One Computer Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Level One Computer Systems - Essay Example the â€Å"de-perimeterization of security† where it has become difficult to demarcate the line between a firm and its clients, suppliers and partners (PGP Corporation, 2007). Enforcing effective security standards is a challenge in this complex milieu. There are many reasons as to why information is on longer safe and there is a need for data protection and security. The notion that sensitive information is within the walls of the organization and so is safe is no longer justified. With the advancement in technology and the new computing form factors, information can be accessed by malicious insiders. The people who are responsible for administrating the systems can also present a risk to the bypass of sensitive information. It is not easy to define who has access to what information. This also necessitates that an effective security protocol must be present to ensure that sensitive data is not leaked out. Data protection is also necessary to build a bond of trust with the cus tomers. When a customer approaches an organization, the organization is bound to protect his or her privacy. Not doing so can bring bad repute to the organization and cause it to lose its customers. A comprehensive data security system encompasses an assessment of the associated risks and threats to data security. A strategy that includes a thorough assessment of these risks enables the organization to understand the value of the data that is at risk and the consequences of any loss. Data could be lost by many ways. One can be due to malicious infections. System crashes and natural happenings such as floods can also cause the loss of significant amount of sensitive data. When considering data protection, the organization needs to review who has access to what type of data, who used the Internet, who should be given limited access, what type of firewalls and anti-malware solutions need to be in place, the usage and maintenance of passwords and the training being given to staff (Spam laws,

Comparison Analysis Of George Seurat, Sunday Afternoon On The Island Essay

Comparison Analysis Of George Seurat, Sunday Afternoon On The Island Of The Grande Jatte, 1886, And Paul Gauguin, The Day Of The Gods, 1894 - Essay Example The essay "George Seurat and Paul Gauguin paintings" discovers two famous paintings, Paul Gauguin’s The Day of the Gods and George Seurat’s Sunday Afternoon. The paintings both depict the cultural gathering that a body of water can evoke. However, the gathering within the work of Seurat is defined by the formal and modest visage of the 19th century while Gauguin’s work reveals the naturalistic culture of Tahiti. The two pieces allow the viewer a distinct opportunity to see a transition between one form of painting to the next. The style of painting that George Seurat is most known for is that of pointillism. Pointillism is defined by a technique of applying paint where the artist uses small dots of color to shade and move the eye as if to create actually rounded and formed figures. The eyes create the illusion of the image as the tiny dots are blended, revealing the imagery through a trick of the eye. To look at a pointillist painting up close is to see nothing b ut a mass of dots, but when one stands back, the dots combine to create the intended imagery. Seurat had a tremendous scientific interest in the way in which they eye sees color. In the 1880’s, Seurat and Paul Signet developed pointillism as a way of stretching the scientific theories of the visually representation reinterpreted through specific, rigid rules of application. Pointillism is defined by paint that is not mixed on a palate; use of primary colors; individual dots or points of color; brushstrokes that are carefully place.

The life Winston experienced in 1984 which has a parallel in Essay

The life Winston experienced in 1984 which has a parallel in contemporary American life - Essay Example Technological innovations have deeply impacted the life of the people all over the world, and it has proved to be the single important factor in â€Å"uniting† the world. Even though â€Å"the world is one family,† is the often-repeated slogan, technology and internet revolution have achieved that goal to a great extent in their areas of influence without ever pronouncing it, and without any supporting propaganda. Weaponry and strategies play a prominent role during wartime, and propaganda has even bigger influence. Misinformation to misguide the enemy contributes in a major way to confuse the enemy. A misinformed enemy is the greatest asset to gain advantage in war-situations. Being in Britain, George Orwell watches from close range how the operations in theaters of Second World War are conducted by the powers that have major stakes in the outcome of the war. The broadcasts of BBC are greatly influenced by the dictates of the Government for its overseas propaganda. Per verse double talk is the order of the time. Orwell’s model for the lying Ministry of Truth in his book 1984 is the British wartime Ministry of Information that censors BBC broadcasts. Politicians alone cannot be blamed for the grave societal ills that are always there. Democracy is not choosing one of the two evils (political parties) once in 4-5 years. It is about active participation of the people and their willingness to protest against the smallest deviations relating to the democratic norms in any area concerning the Republic. Life for an average citizen has mostly been the same under all systems at any given time during the course of history—that is, BAD! 1984 and the conditions prevailing in America at present corroborate this fact. The people have got to be ever vigilant and keep themselves in readiness to fight for their rights. 1984 The common man, an ordinary citizen, always receives the first blow and suffers and therefore, he has to remain ever vigilant an d guard his individual freedom and other democratic rights. George Orwell is a revisionist. Officially sponsored atrocity and hate propaganda are not to his liking. History is not imagination; it needs to be subject to free and impartial enquiry and that is possible under the conditions of freedom of speech and writing. Every era has serious issues to deal with, or the issues are made serious by the rulers of the time. As for the political game, one important observation holds good for all the time, past present and future. The â€Å"Powerful Chairs† (politicians and bureaucrats) wish to maintain their hold on â€Å"Chair- less Powers† (the common citizens) for self-aggrandizement. In the present context, they extensively use the economic weapon called corruption. Take the issue of drug culture. Drugs in any form are illegal and they are confiscated and destroyed; besides the involved individuals are arrested and severe punishment follows, upon indictment. In this area , the Government is not willing to accept any new ideas and the drugs are banned outright. Banned in paper, and yet the industry thrives, due to corrupt practices at the implementation level. After the 9/11 incident, the life of the section of citizens and immigrants has been put under legal microscopic examination. The curbs are more or less similar to the ones in vogue as described in the book

American Indians Essay Example for Free

American Indians Essay The people now known as Indians or Native Americans were the first people to live in the Americas. They had been living there for thousands of years before any Europeans arrived. The Vikings explored the east coast of North America around A. D. 1000 and had some contact with Indians (Watson Howell 1980). But lasting contact between Indians and Europeans began with Christopher Columbuss voyages to the Americas. In 1492, Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean from Spain. He was seeking a short sea route to the Indies, which then included India, China, the East Indies, and Japan. Europeans did not then know that North and South America existed. When Columbus landed in what is now known as the West Indies, he did not realize he had come to a New World. He thought he had reached the Indies, and so he called the people he met Indians. Almost every Indian group had its own name. Many of these names reflected the pride of each group in itself and its way of life. For example, the Delaware Indians of eastern North America called themselves Lenape, which means genuine people. Today, many Indians refer to themselves as Native Americans. The first Indians came to the New World from Siberia, in Asia. Most scientists think they arrived at least 15,000 years ago. At that time huge ice sheets covered much of the northern half of the earth. The Bering Strait, which today is a narrow area of water that separates Asia and North America, was easily walked across by the Indians who were following the animals that they were hunting. Much later this ice sheet melted and the land bridge became covered with water. By then, Indian groups had already spread throughout the New World, all over North and South America. These Indian groups developed different cultures because of the different climates and landforms in the regions in which they settled. Body Anthropologists, scientists who study human culture, classify the hundreds of North and South American Indian tribes into groups of tribes that are alike. These groups are called culture areas. Some of the cultures of North America are the Arctic; the Northeast, or Eastern Woodlands; the Plains; and Southwest. The Indians spoke hundreds of different languages and had many different ways of life. Some groups lived in great cities and others in small villages. The Aztec and the Maya of Central America built large cities. Some of the Aztec cities had as many as 100,000 people. The Maya built special buildings in which they studied the moon, the stars, and the sun. They also developed a calendar and a system of writing. Many of the Indians of Eastern North America lived in villages. They hunted and farmed, growing such crops as beans, corns and squash (Bains, 1985). Most of the Indians were friendly at first and taught the newcomers many things. The European explorers followed Indian trails to sources of water and deposits of copper, gold, silver, turquoise, and other minerals. The Indians taught them to make snowshoes and sleds and to travel by canoe. Food was another of the Indians important gifts. The Indians grew many foods that the newcomers had never heard of, such as avocados, corn, peanuts, peppers, pineapples, potatoes, squash, and tomatoes. They also introduced the whites to tobacco. The Indians, in turn, learned much from the whites. The Europeans brought many goods that were new to the Indians. These goods included metal tools, guns, and liquor. The Europeans also brought cattle and horses, which were unknown to the Indians. The Europeans and the Indians had widely different ways of life. Some Europeans tried to understand the Indians ways and treated them fairly. But others cheated the Indians and took their land. When the Indians fought back, thousands of them were killed in battle. At first, they had only bows and arrows and spears, but the Europeans had guns. Even more Indians died from measles, smallpox, and other new diseases introduced by the whites. As the Europeans moved westward across North America, they became a greater threat to the Indian way of life. Finally, most of the remaining Indians were moved onto reservations. Most daily activities of an Indian family centered on providing the main necessities of life such as food, clothing, and shelter. Men and women usually had separate tasks. For example, both men and women were often involved in providing food. But they did so in different ways. In some areas, the women gathered wild plants for food, and the men hunted. In the Northeast and Southeast culture areas, the men hunted, and the women farmed the land. In parts of what are now Arizona and New Mexico and in Middle and South America, the men did the farming. The women gathered plants. In all areas, women were generally responsible for preparing the food. Many Indians married at an early age, the girls between 13 and 15 and the boys between 15 and 20. In some Indian tribes, the parents or other relatives chose the marriage partners for the young people. In other tribes, especially those of North America, a young man could select his own mate. He had to convince the girl and her parents that he would make a suitable husband. In many cases, he offered them valuable gifts to win their approval. Throughout most of the New World, marriage was a family affair and not a religious ceremony. The boys family usually gave presents to the brides family. Many newly married couples lived with the girls family and the husband worked for her family until the birth of a child. Then the couple might establish their own home. But they generally did not move to a new home in a new area. Many other newly married couples joined an existing family group or lived close to one. Some of the couples moved in with other relatives of the woman or with the relatives of the man. This extended family shared with the daily work of the household, including the raising of children. Many Indian groups allowed men to have more than one wife. But this practice was common only among rich or powerful men. After a man died, his wife would often live with his brother as husband and wife even if the brother was already married. Similarly, if a woman died, her family would probably be expected to give her husband another unmarried daughter to replace her. Most Indian families were small because many children died at birth or as babies. Indian children were praised when they behaved well and shamed when they misbehaved. Only the Aztec and Inca tribes had regular schools. Boys and girls of other tribes learned to perform mens and womens jobs by helping their parents and older brothers and sisters. After most boys reached their early teens, they went through a test of strength or bravery called an initiation ceremony. Many went without food for a long period or lived alone in the wilderness. In some tribes, a boy was expected to have a vision of the spirit that would become his lifelong guardian. Some groups also had initiation ceremonies for girls. A teenager who successfully completed an initiation ceremony was considered an adult and ready to be married. Food that Indians ate depended on where they lived. Indian tribes that lived on the plains of the United States, where buffalo and other game were plentiful, ate mainly meat. Meat was also the principal food of those Indians who inhabited the woodlands and tundra (frigid treeless plain) of Alaska and Canada. The Pueblo of the Southwest and other farming groups lived chiefly on beans, corn, and squash. Potatoes were an important crop among the Inca. MacNeish (1992) stated that Indians in the tropical areas of South America made bread from the roots of bitter cassava, a small shrub. Tribes that lived near water caught fish and gathered shellfish. Most Indian groups ate berries, nuts, roots, seeds, and wild plants. They also gathered salt and collected maple sap wherever they could. Indians made a kind of tea from such plants as sassafras and wintergreen. Many Indians drank a mild beer that was known as chicha. They made this beer from corn, cassava, peanuts, or potatoes. Indians who ate mostly meat cooked it by roasting, broiling, or boiling. Farming Indians and others who ate chiefly vegetables developed various methods of boiling or baking. They often made pit ovens by lining holes in the ground with hot stones. Indians preserved meat by smoking it or by drying it in the sun. North American Indians mixed dried meat with grease and berries to make a food called pemmican. Most Indians ate with their fingers, but some used spoons made from animal bones, shells, or wood. Indians built many kinds of homes because they lived in different climates and had different building materials available to them (Brandt Guzzi, 1985). Those who moved about a great deal had simple shelters they could carry easily, or they built temporary shelters. Indians who stayed in one place built larger, more permanent homes. Some groups built large houses where many families lived together. Others had simple dwellings that housed only a few people. In some cases, shelter changed with the season. Some Indians in Canada built snow houses during the winter. But in the summer, they lived in tents made of animal hides. In the United States, these Indians are sometimes called Eskimos. In other areas, the Indians covered their tepees with animal skins or with tree bark. Indians at the southern tip of South America also used skins to cover shelters called windbreaks, which were open on one side. Some tribes of the Northwest made cloth of bark and reeds, and the Pueblo wove cotton cloth. The Aztec, Inca, Maya, and some Caribbean tribes wove beautiful cotton and woolen cloth. Indians in the hot South American areas often wore no clothing at all. In many tribes, a man wore only a breechcloth, a narrow band of cloth that passed between the legs and looped over the front and rear of a belt. Women wore simple aprons or skirts. Indians in colder climates wore leggings, shirts, and robes. Some wore sandals or moccasins to protect their feet. Travel by water was the most common means of transportation. Many Indians used bark canoes, which were light and easy to carry. Some large dugout canoes carried as many as 60 people. The Plains tribes used dogs and, later, horses to pull a load-carrying frame called a travois. Andean Indians used alpacas and llamas as beasts of burden. But these animals could not carry heavy loads, so the people themselves carried most of their goods. People often supported a heavy load on their back with a pack strap called a tumpline. Indians of the Arctic and the Northwest Coast and some other areas hunted or fished for most of their food. They also hunted some birds only for the feathers, and they prized the fur of beavers and certain other animals. Indians in the West got most of their food by gathering wild seeds, nuts, and roots. Even in the Southwest and other farming areas, hunting, gathering, and fishing were important. The most important game animals of North and South America included deer; rabbits and other small game: ducks, geese, herons, seals, sea lions, whales, turtles, and snakes. Bear, buffalo, caribou, elk, and moose lived only in North America. Animals that were hunted mainly in South America included the guanaco, jaguar, peccary, rhea, and tapir. Indians hunted with the same kinds of weapons they used in war. Many bows and arrows, spears, and clubs had special features for hunting. For example, some Indians used unsharpened arrows to shoot birds in trees. These arrows stunned the birds so that they fell to the ground. The Hopi stunned small game with a kind of boomerang. The Indians caught fish with harpoons, hooks and lines, spears, and traps and nets. Tribes of the Northwest Coast also used long poles called herring rakes. These poles had jagged points and could catch a number of herring at one time. In tropical South America, Indians stood on river sand bars and shot fish with bows and arrows. Both North and South American Indians used drugs to catch fish. In one method, Indians chopped up certain plants and threw them in the water. These plants stunned the fish. Then the Indians could easily scoop them out of the water. Indians of the Northeast and the Tropical Forest used slash-and-burn farming methods. They cut down a number of trees and burned them. Then they planted their crops among the trunks. The ashes from the burned trees served as fertilizer. Indians in Mexico and the Southern United States raised turkeys. Wars occurred from time to time among the tribes of the Americas. But not all tribes took part in warfare. Many tribes opposed fighting, and others were so small that they did not have enough warriors to fight a war. Many of the Indian leaders who tried to defend their tribes and land against the white people became famous warriors. They included King Philip, a Wampanoag; Pontiac, an Ottawa; Tecumseh, a Shawnee; Osceola, a Seminole; Crazy Horse, of the Sioux; and Geronimo, an Apache. The bow and arrow was probably the most common Indian weapon throughout North and South America. Some South American tribes put poison on their arrowheads. Many Indians fought with spears and war clubs (Steele Galdone 1992). The Indians of eastern North America developed a special type of club known as the tomahawk. A weapon of the Aztec consisted of pieces of obsidian (volcanic glass) stuck into a wooden club. South American Indians used blowguns and slings. Warfare gave Indians a chance to achieve high rank in their tribes. On the Plains, it was considered braver to touch a live enemy and get away than to kill the enemy. This act was known as counting coup â€Å"koo†. Warriors on the Plains carried a coup stick into battle and attempted to touch an enemy with it. Those warriors who counted coup wore eagle feathers as signs of their courage.

Professor Questions Essay Example for Free

Professor Questions Essay 1. Discuss how astronomers compare the stars. There may be several terms astronomists use to compare stars, including luminosity, flux, energy flux, apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude. Luminosity is the total amount of energy given from a body every second, measured in Watts Energy flux is the flow of energy out from a particular surface area and is measured in Watts per meter square. Observed flux – As the radius of the circle placed around the radiating object increases, the flow of energy per meter square would decrease.    The observed flux would be higher if the radius of the circle is less (inverse square law) Apparent Magnitude is the amount of light that is received from a particular star.   It is determined using the luminosity of the star and the distance from us.   The apparent magnitude would be low for a brighter object. Absolute magnitude is the amount of light that is received from a particular object when the object is placed at a distance of 10 par secs (AB’s Astronomy Lab, University of Columbia, 2002). 2. From nebulae, stars are formed. Discuss the factors that affect the gestation time for the birth of protostars. The nebulae from which clouds form are nothing but clouds of dust and gas.   They slowly begin to contract to begin the process of star formation.   The mass is known as the ‘protostars’ and it would continue to condense and slowly heat up.   Once it reaches a critical mass phase, the nuclear fusion reaction takes place hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium, two protons and tremendous amounts of energy.   Once this phase begins, the star is born. Factors that affect gestation time for the birth of protostars †¢ Gravity of the passing star (external energy to help star formation) †¢ Shockwave from a nearby supernova (external energy to help star formation) †¢ Heating by contraction (Giant molecular clouds need to contract to heat up and begin the thermonuclear processes) †¢ Magnetic fields available (helps in contraction) †¢ Rotation or angular momentum of the protostars †¢ Size of the star (smaller stars live longer than larger stars as they take longer to burn their fuel) (Sea Sky, 2008, UNT, 2008) 3. Discuss how a stars life affected by its `fuel`? Once the protostar gets heated up, nuclear fusion reaction begins (thermonuclear processes), and the star now enters its stable phase.   The star would be combating gravitational collapse by fusing atoms together and forming energy.   The star’s life span depends on how much of matter it actually contains.   The process of nuclear fusion in the stars would involve conversion of hydrogen to helium, helium to carbon, until iron is formed.   Once iron is formed, the energy required to fuse iron is much higher and hence the reaction stops.   Larger stars tend to use up larger amounts of fuel compared to smaller stars, and hence would live much shorter. Several large stars in the universe live for about a few hundreds of thousands of years.   As smaller stars would be spending their fuel much more slowly, they would live for billions of years.   Once a star’s fuel gets exhausted, it would transform into a red supergiant (expanding in size), and would be present for sometime.   The star would then collapse, as the force of the nuclear reactions is not effective to combat the force of gravity.   Some of the stars blow away, to form planetary nebulae.   The core of the star would contain some amount of fuel which would burn as white dwarf.   Once they completely burn away, they would remain as a dark ball known as a ‘black dwarf’.   Some massive stars may trigger a violent explosion, known as ‘supernova’ (Airty Nothing, 2008 Sea Sky, 2008). 4. Discuss basic ideas of the main sequence chart (Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) Diagram). The HR diagram is basically a graph in which the luminosity of the stars (absolute magnitude) is charted against the surface temperature (color).   This chart was discovered separately by Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell in the 1910’s.   This was following several scientists query whether the temperature of the object could be determined from the color of radiation it emitted.

Role Modelling And Mentoring In Clinical Environment

Role Modelling And Mentoring In Clinical Environment This assignment is a reflective, analytical evaluation of role modelling in relation to my clinical learning environment. The relationship of this issue to my clinical learning environment will be clearly justified; focusing on current status, my role and future developments within this chosen area. Giving constructive feedback in relation to my performance as an assessor will also be critically analysed and reflected upon, thus demonstrating how its aspects have contributed to my personal growth and development. Issues of context, consent and confidentiality will be made explicit within the text of the essay and the key points of this assignment will be summed up in the conclusion. This assignment is written in the first person as stated by Hamill (1999) that such a stance to avoid using I, we or our often results in the tortuous and repetitive use of the author, the writer or the present author, when students are actually referring to themselves. Webb (1992) rhetorically asks Who, if not I is writing these words? I am a staff nurse currently working in a surgical ear, nose, throat and maxillo facial ward based in a London NHS Trust, whose thirty five patient capacity consists of a fair number being major operations and long stay patients. Whilst undertaking this course I was required to keep a logbook or record of my involvement in assessment in order to facilitate reflection. Reflective practice is a mode that integrates or links thought and action with reflection. It involves thinking about and critically analysing ones actions with the goal of improving ones professional practice. Engaging in reflective practice requires individuals to assume the perspective of an external observer in order to identify the assumptions and feelings underlying their practice and then to speculate about how these assumptions and feelings affect practice (Hancock 1998). Many practice-based professions, including nursing, traditionally rely on clinical staff to support, supervise and teach students in practice settings. The underlying rationale is that by working alongside practitioners students will learn from experts in a safe, supportive and educationally adjusted environment (Andrews and Wallis 1999). Mentoring must be cultivated beyond the role of supervised instruction. A therapeutic environment must be created for the student or novice nurse that fosters growth, self-esteem and critical thinking. A personal connection is essential between the new hire and the environment to provide the student with the caring and encouragement that all humans need to succeed (Whittman-Price 2003). The rationale for choosing role modelling in relation to my clinical learning environment is that it is one of the most powerful methods in which learning occurs in the clinical setting because of its affective inspirational overtones when observers interpret the behaviours of role models based on their own past experiences and personal objectives (Davies 1993). Guidelines were produced to meet the NMC (2002) Advisory Standards, which detail the role and function of the mentor and mentorship, summarised as follows: Ø Effective communication with students and others in order to assist students to integrate into the practice setting. Ø Facilitation of learning in keeping with the requirements of the students curriculum. Ø The creation and development of learning opportunities that will integrate theory and practice. Ø Effective management of the process of continuous assessment of practice Ø Demonstration through role modelling, the ability to sustain good work relationships, manage change processes, implement quality assurance and use disseminate research. Bidwell (1999) defined role modelling as a process through which persons take on the values and behaviours of another through identification. Unlike the deliberative long-term process of mentoring or a brief demonstration, role modelling can occur with brief or long-term contact. Role modelling may be inspired by the performances modelled by another, but where they may be no deliberate attempt to mould behaviours (Reuler and Nardone 1994). Role modelling is an essential tool in demonstrating effective relationships with patients and clients, contributing to the development of an environment in which effective evidence based practice is fostered, implemented, evaluated and disseminated and assessing and managing clinical development to ensure safe and effective care (NMC 2002). Evidence based practice is a shift in the culture of healthcare provision away from basing decisions on opinion, past practice and precedent, toward making more use of research and evidence to guide clinical decision-making. This rigid view of evidence based practice, is one that emphasises clearly the role of research in underpinning practice (Appleby et al 1995). Role models may demonstrate negative and or positive behaviours. Students may be easily be influenced by role models because they lack self-esteem, confidence or are dependent. Positive role models are open, constructive, accessible, responsive to the needs of others, easy to trust, comfortable with themselves and their abilities and command mutual respect. Disabling strategies include being inaccessible, throwing people into new roles sink or swim, refusing requests, over supervising and destroying by dumping or openly criticising (Hinchcliff 2001). Role modelling also lends itself initially to developing more complex behaviours than does demonstration. Role modelling incorporates knowledge gained through observation of clinical role models and emphasises the artistic rather than the scientific aspects of practice. Thus, what is done and how it is done are stressed rather than the theoretical underpinnings of the action (Davies 1993). However, as skills of the student increase, cognition assumes greater importance and explanation and discussion become as important as the demonstration of behaviour. These characteristics of role modelling are especially compelling for new students learning complex practice in a new setting or new practice in the same setting. While role modelling as described above can be a generalised phenomenon that is always in direct control of the one who models behaviour, its potential use in a planned effort for change as recommended by Wiseman (1994) is particularly useful. He emphasised the four-stage process of Banduras Social Learning Theory in modelling behaviours where the observer sees and is attentive to the behaviours that increase the likelihood of retaining that information. These behaviours in observers are developed through practice and through the development of a symbolic coding system of the behaviours that often uses a verbal response to the action. Therefore, according to both Wiseman (1994) and Lynn (1995), discriminate observation and repeated presentations or rewards in the work setting are necessary before full learning of complex behaviours will occur. Chesla (1997) emphasised that direct supervision was more effective than a retrospective analysis in increasing learning. Another application of role modelling is demonstrated in the modelling practice theory developed by Erickson et al (1983). According to these authors, by using their skills in communication, nurses develop an image of the clients situation from the clients perspective. Understanding the clients world within the context of scientific knowledge permits the nurse to plan interventions in conjunction with the clients, which are then role modelled by the nurse. According to Kinney and Erickson (1990), the role-modelling concept as used here is the essence of nurturance in that one accepts patients as they are while encouraging and facilitating their growth. Using this framework in developing patient sensitive care, the expert clinician would assess the patients needs, determine the necessary interactions between the student and the patient, recognise the students abilities and knowledge, and then work with the student and the patient to institute patient centred care. Despite its obvious strengths, role modelling has been criticised as a passive activity that in itself is inadequate for the learning of multi faceted or situationally complex nursing activities (Ricer 1995). In contrast, however Davies (1993) claims that it goes beyond imitation as it involves many behavioural and affective linkages. Nevertheless there is a growing support for the need to add other elements to role modelling to make it most effective. Goldstein (1973) suggested there were several deficits in role modelling alone if one were interested in changing attitudes and recommended a method of applied learning which was essentially role modelling and social reinforcement. In an experimental study of skill development, Hollandsworth (1997) also advocated directed feedback and found role-modelling, role-playing and discussion was superior to any one method used independently. Others have found that debriefing sessions in which students were encouraged to reflect on their practice increased retention of information (Davies 1996). Moreover, according to Clarke (1996) understanding the reasons for an action was important as knowledge of the philosophy behind the action. In accordance with this view, it follows that some knowledge of the phenomenon of nurse/ patient interaction may be an essential underlying theory for learning family care. In order to be a positive, effective role model in my clinical area I became more self aware and tried to only model behaviour that I would want others to adopt. In order to maintain high professional standards attending various study days and workshops not only improved my clinical skills, but also offered me the clinical and educational support necessary to increase confidence, accountability, competence, reflection and safe practice. Positive role models influence students more if they are seen to have status, power and prestige (Quinn 2000). It is essential that all nurses are aware of recommended practice because undertaking practices which are not evidence based is not in accordance with the Scope of Professional Practice (NMC 2002). Through observation and discussion, students are able to develop clinical skills, interactions with clients, professional attitudes, problem solving and prioritising strategies. I am more empowered and hope to be able to educate fellow staff, stude nts, patients and relatives. Once a skill has been learnt it does not mean that it cannot be improved or changed and I have learned not to become complacent. My future goals are to review my knowledge, while continuing to increase it along with new procedures and continuing professional development. The student that I assessed was told of the purpose and nature of the assessment and their verbal consent was obtained. I assured the student that the logbook would be a record of my own experience of assessing and not the details or capabilities of the student being assessed. Confidentiality was maintained throughout the assessment and the writing of this assignment in accordance with the NMC Code of Conduct (2002). Giving feedback is a verbal or non-verbal process through which an individual lets others know their perceptions and feelings about their behaviour (Black 2000). It is a very important interpersonal skill that effects change through influences and motivation. Students are encouraged to be independent learners in my clinical area and to define their learning opportunities in collaboration with their allocated mentor. Before offering feedback I considered barriers that could affect the intent of my message and worked out strategies to get round them. I ensured that the student I was assessing had set realistic goals and clear learning objectives and I also encouraged her to question me on things she did not understand. If no clear parameters have been set, negative feedback will come as a shock (Bartlett 2001). The mentor should provide formative evaluation and feedback to assist the students to achieve their learning goals and demonstrate competence. If feedback is an integral part of the organisational culture, and if feedback is routinely given as small corrections and acknowledgement of good work, then there is much less chance of a negative reaction. Feedback is a return flow of ideas and opinions as the students are doing a job. Students need feedback on their clinical practice so that they can improve on their level of performance. Feedback can be seen as criticism and hence good communication skills are very important. Appropriate feedback can provide important information to students about the level of their performance. It can help them to rate their clinical practice in a realistic way. It can also help them to be more self-regulated. Feedback should be completed soon after the event, before the student or the teacher forgot the details of the event. This can provide the stimulus for further learning. Some may react to feedback with excuses instead of listening and thinking about it. Greenwood (1993) argues that the feedback will enhance student learning when it provides further information to correct or modify action through the construction and activation of a more appropriate subroutines. With this information, the student should be able to move to a deeper level of understanding. Certain characteristics of feedback will promote constructive interaction between the student and the teacher and lead the student to address weaknesses in their performance and make changes to improve. Feedback should be focused on behaviour rather than the person, and on observations or descriptions rather than inferences or judgements. The amount of information given to the student must be what the student can use, rather than the amount the teacher may wish to give. A feedback sandwich starting and ending with a positive statement with a negative statement in between approach should be used. Positive feedback reinforces knowledge and motivates people (Twinn and Davies 1996). Feedback should always be focused on behaviour that the student can do something about. Confidentiality and privacy must be respected when giving feedback; when giving negative feedback, it must be in an honest and sensitive manner and alternative behaviours should be suggested. It is always best to check that the student has understood the feedback. Milde demonstrated that visual and verbal feedback together is most effective. Demonstration of specific techniques and good communication skills through role modelling and reflective practice by practitioners is suggested as one effective approach to integrate learning within various clinical learning environment. Feedback had the ability to enhance my performance and make me feel confident and competent in my role, especially when the feedback was immediate. It allowed for reflection in practice and offered me the opportunity to meet the NMCs guidelines of reflective practice. I have developed skills in giving and receiving feedback and am able to determine whether the feedback is evaluative, judgemental or helpful. I am now constantly soliciting feedback as it enables me to gain other peoples perceptions and feelings about my behaviour. I accept it positively for consideration rather than dismissively for self-protection, which in turn helps me to be more responsible for my behaviour and consequences. In conclusion, mentorship is about a partnership approach to learning by the student and mentor. The mentor and the student need to be aware of the competency level and learning outcomes, and each others responsibility in achieving these. The mentor is there to facilitate and assist the student in achieving learning outcomes in a variety of ways appropriate to the learning environment. The partnership between the mentor and the student is also based on effective communication and effective feedback on progress, development and performance both positive and constructive on achievements and progress made. It is also through this partnership approach that students and mentors acknowledge each others role: the mentor is not only that students mentor, he or she is also an accountable and responsible nurse, patient advocate, member of the multidisciplinary team and he or she might be mentoring other students as well. In my role as qualified staff nurse I am able to appreciate the hard wor k and dedication of mentors in preparing students to become registered practitioners.

The Stress of Childhood Gymnastics Essay -- Sports

The Stress of Childhood Gymnastics   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   For years gymnastics has been a sport that many children participate in. But as the years have gone by it has turned into something other than a place for kids to grow and learn. Its overwhelming commitment has continued to replace kids’ childhoods with stress, mental and physical pain and eating disorders. Many results have come from this change in the gymnastics society. Gymnasts have come to a point where they have been told and directed to understand that winning is the only important factor in gymnastics. â€Å" It’s about the elite child athlete and the American obsession with winning that has produced a training environment wherein results are bought in at any cost, no matter how devastating. It’s about how cultural fixation on beauty and weight on youth has shaped the sport and driven the athletes into a sphere beyond the quest for physical performance.† (Ryan 5)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As a society we have the ability to change the ways in which our elite gymnasts are learning gymnastics. We need to redirect the teachings of the coaches and the parent involvement in order to achieve a atmosphere in which gymnasts can explore, learn and gain gymnastic abilities in which they feel they can handle. â€Å" Over the last 20 years there have been many publications on coaching as it relates to sport psychology or sport pedeology. No theoretical framework, however, exsits for explaining which factors are most important in the coaching process and which relationships among these factors are most significant.† (Cote pg.1) I propose that we create an environment with a stress on healthy dieting, good exercise and less strenuous workouts. Not an environment where winning is the prime concern. There are man... ...)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As you can see there are several problems that lye within the gymnastics society, but we the outside force must come to learn, understand and teach the athletes and coaches some of the correct ways in which they can handle situations. I have come across some major problems throughout this paper, along with some good solution which I hope everyone can take into account. It is important for not only the athletes of this country to be aware of the problems they have, but also to inform the rest of society about the situations hence forth. I know things can change when we put our minds together and create action upon our solutions. I hope this information has helped anyone who was having a difficult time understanding some of the issues that arise with gymnastics, or anyone who had a question. â€Å" Don’t let a problem or situation get in the way of a dream.†

Networking :: essays research papers

1. Which versions of NetWare support TCP/IP services such as Web site hosting? c. 4.x and 5.0 2. Which version of NetWare contains many services coded in the Java programming language? d. 5.0 3. How many processors can a NetWare 5.0 server support? c. 32 4. What is the minimum amount of RAM required for a NetWare 5.0 server? d. 64 MB 5. Why might you want to install more than the minimum RAM required by NetWare 5.x? The more RAM, the better the performance of the server. 6. Where can you go to find out about known bugs in NetWare? b. www.support.novell.com 7. How might NLMs provide better stability on your NetWare server? a. They can be loaded and unloaded without taking down the server. 8. Which version of NetWare supports the use of virtual memory? d. 5.x 9. What stands at the very top of the NDS tree? a.root a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10. If you decide to change the name of your NDS tree after you’ve installed NetWare, you can rename it through a server console command. True or False? 11. What is the name of the graphical server manager utility in NetWare 5.x? d. NetMon 12. Which DOS command loads the NetWare operating system kernel? d. SERVER.EXE 13. Which of the following file systems does NetWare not support? b. NTFS 14. What is the name of the volume created automatically when you install NetWare 5.x? d. SYS 15. File compression is enabled by default during a NetWare 5.x installation.True or False? 16. Which server resource does block suballocation conserve? c. hard disk space 17. What is the purpose of a container object in an NDS tree? a. to logically subdivide objects in the tree 18. A user is an example of what kind of NDS object? c. leaf 19. If a user’s login ID is â€Å"james† and the user belongs to the â€Å"marketing† organizational unit, which is in turn part of the â€Å"Corporate† organizational unit within the â€Å"ABC† Organization, what is this user’s context? c. O_ABC_OU_marketing_OU_corporate_U_james 20. Which utility allows you to manage NDS objects? c. NWAdmin 22. After right-clicking an object within NWAdmin, which option should you choose to modify that object’s properties? a. Details 23. In a typeful context notation, how is a user object’s container designated? d. O 24. Why might you want to create an administrator-equivalent ID that isn’t called â€Å"Admin†? b. for security purposes 25. After a simple NetWare 5.x installation, what rights does the default group called PUBLIC have to the NDS tree? b. Browse, Modify, Erase 26. In NWAdmin, you can grant users rights to save files in a directory.

Essay --

INTRODUCTION This case study is focused on the Shodhan House by Corbusier. Le Corbusier proved himself to be proficient in many areas. He had ambitious plans to create whole communities in his designs. He was even called the father of international style. As his style evolved, so did his buildings. The Shodhan House is an example of his purist design. There were many factors that contributed to the design of the Shodhan House, and many things had to be taken into consideration. Firstly, since the building was located in India, there were many considerations regarding weather that had to be taken into account. The owners wanted to stand out among their neighbours with an opulent design. Corbusier worked with this challenge by creating a double height ceiling and mezzanine which were design elements in many of the buildings in the area, but also exhibited the opulence of the owners. Corbusier made this building unique, but used elements common in many of his modernist designs. A flat roof (with ga rden), a parasol (to shade from the sun), an open facade, and the piers elevating the floor, and a ribbon window. These were the elements used in many of his designs and others. The main idea of the plan was to address the problem of glaring sunlight in the location of Ahmedabad. There were also considerations taken for the wind, climate and culture of the people in India. This is an example of regionalism in design. The structure of the design was centred around the iterations of the roof. Corbusier wanted the plan to be open more than anything else, and the structure was reiterated many times to achieve this. The structure of the building itself is very grid based. The structure was skeletal, allowing for changes to be made easily ... ...f the brise-soleiol on the faades and of the roof parasol, and moreover, in the hanging gardens swept by an orchestration of beneficent air currents. This plan recalls the ingenuity of the Villa Savoye of 1929-1930 at Poissy, placed here in a tropical and Indian setting." The designs of Le Corbusier revolutionized what people see as modern architecture and the Shodan House is a prime example. Often modern architecture is associated with a vast array of windows, many linear forms and post and beam architecture, all of which are present in this design. The geometrical shape of the Shodan House in conjunction with the lines created from the windows form an example of what is now regarded as modern architecture.

One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest: the Power of Laughter Essay

Jimmy Buffet once said â€Å"If we couldn’t laugh, we would all go insane. † When an individual is no longer capable of laughing, he is also no longer capable of being in control of himself. This happens when a greater authority has the power to deny a person of their laughter; which, inevitably, denies him of his freedom. Ken Kesey conveys the idea that laughter and freedom go hand in hand throughout his novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest. Kesey portrays laughter as a parallel to freedom through various literary symbols and imagery in order to illustrate how the power of laughter can free a man who is under the control of an unjust authority. Through the characterization of Nurse Ratched and McMurphy, Kesey illustrates how the manipulation of others and the challenge of authority is a key component in the ability to laugh. Through the characterization of Nurse Ratched, Kesey illustrates how one person can manipulate others for her own specific intentions. Throughout the story, it is clear that Nurse Ratched (Bug Nurse) manipulates the patients and faculty to control them so she has all the power. As the book starts, we are immediately brought into this mental ward in the eyes of Chief Bromden. As he walks down the hall, and the aids insult him because he is dumb and deaf. However, little do they know that Chief is the exact opposite. As they continue to speak as if he weren’t there and hand him the broom, â€Å"They laugh†¦[it is a] Hum of black machinery, humming the hate and death and other hospital secrets† (10). The laughter of the black aids is not clear and freeflowing like laughter should be. Instead, it is described as a â€Å"hum† which illustrates that even the aids do not have the freedom to laugh. They are â€Å"black machinery† or descendents of the combine which demonstrates that the faculty on this ward is under the control of Nurse Ratched and the combine. It is also evident that they are all working together because when machines are working correctly, they hum in synchronization, just like these men are doing with their empty laughter. Along with the machine-like laughs, the men also know what is going on in the ward because chief implies that their humming contains all of the mysteries. Kesey uses machine-like references and imagery in order to illustrate Nurse Ratched’s influence on her employee’s; she is the reason there is no laughter on the ward. Another cene that expresses Big Nurses power is when Chief is describing how Big Nurse hates when things are out of order. Chief explains that even her uniform has to be crisp and clean at all times, and when its not, she still smiles and pretends not to care, but inside it bothers her to no extent. He makes it clear that he sees, â€Å"her sit in the center of this web of wires like a watchful robot, tend her network with mechanical insect skill, know every second which wire runs where and just what current to send up to get the results she wants† (30). Big Nurse is portrayed as a mechanical spider who has the knowledge and ability to control whatever is in her â€Å"web. † Kesey references her as machine-like figure due to her constant necessity to be in control. Everything she does must be in a certain order and flow a certain way. When Chief says she knows how to â€Å"get the results she wants† it makes it clear that she is able to manipulate everyone. This demonstrates that her manipulation takes away all of the patients power to do anything; it even takes away their freedom and laughter. Another example that portrays this idea is in the article Salvation Through Laugher. The author, Stephen L. Tanner, is analyzing Kesey’s work, and as he discusses the first chapter of One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, he notes how, â€Å"Miss Ratched is pleased when a ‘completed product’ goes back into society as a ‘functioning, adjusted component'† (Tanner 57). Tanner’s analysis expresses how Big Nurses intentions are to create these robots that do not have the ability to think for themselves. A â€Å"completed product† or success, will be think and act like the faculty, just another part of the machine. The pleasure Nurse Ratched gets out of these success’ illustrates that she loves gaining power and taking away people’s freedoms. Nurse Ratched manipulates the men on the ward and the faculty in order to gain power and take away all of their freedoms, even their freedom to laugh. Kesey conveys that the challenge of authority is the key to finding true identity. The protagonist, McMurphy immediately is introduced as this man with a huge, impenetrable ego. From the moment he steps on the ward, Chief notices that he’s different. Upon McMurphys arrival, Chief is awakening from the fog he is in. He’s in the day room with his inmates and is listening in on their conversations. Suddenly he hears Nurse Ratched announce that there is a new arrival. McMurphy enters the ward and is laughing. Chief notes that, â€Å".. it’s free and loud†¦[it] sounds real†¦it’s the first [real] laugh I’ve heard in years† (16). This illustrates how McMurphy, even from the beginning, has the intentions to challenge the rules. Before him, no one laughed on the ward, or even spoke above an indoor voice. However, as soon as he arrives, his laughter is â€Å"loud and free† which demonstrates that he is boisterous and independent. The combine will not succeed in taking away his freedom, nor will Nurse Ratched take away his ability to laugh. A second example is the scene in which McMurphy and his inmates disregard Big Nurses orders that they cannot watch the world series and watch it anyway because they had the majority in the second vote. As they all stop cleaning and sit down in front a blank TV screen, Nurse Ratched’s anger builds. Finally, she loses it and screams at McMurphy that he is , â€Å"‘supposed to be working during these hours! ‘ Her voice†¦a tight whine†¦a saw ripping through pine† (127) â€Å"her voice sounds like it hit a nail†(128). McMurphy’s breaking of the rules and influence on his inmates drives Nurse Ratched to the edge. Her voice hitting â€Å"a nail† illustrates authority running into a large bump and stopping it right in its tracks. The whining in her voice demonstrates that McMurphy is frustrating her, he is testing her power and this worries her, because she does not want to lose her power, and McMurphy is threatening her. However, no matter what Nurse Ratched does, she cannot seem to stop McMurphy and his free laugh. One of the most vital scenes is when McMurphy breaks the glass in the nurses station just after Cheswick commits suicide. He walks up to the nurse’s station, â€Å"†¦as big as a house! †¦[and says] in his slowest , deepest drawl how he figured he could use one of the smokes he bought†¦then he ran his hand through the glass†¦[it came] apart like water splashing†(172). McMurphy, haven been gone for a short while, challenges Big Nurses power and shows her that he’s back and is not losing this war. Him being â€Å"as big as a house† gives a visual that his power is radiating off of him. When he asks for his cigarettes, its in a slow and deep voice, and he does not wait for a response, just runs â€Å"his hand through the glass† it illustrates that he is not asking permission for anything. He will go against all of her rules because she cannot control him. The imagery Kesey uses to illustrate the glass shattering because when water splashes, there are many droplets and its not just one massive drop. McMurphy did not just break the glass or scratch Big Nurses power, he shattered it. He made his point that he has the power, not her, and he will always be free. Throughout the story, Kesey continues to have McMurphy constantly breaking the rules and challenging conformity in order to put across the idea that challenging authority can bring individuality. Ken Kesey, the author of One Flew Over The Cuckoo’s Nest, conveys the idea that laughter and freedom go hand in hand when it comes to a person being an individual. Through the characterization of Nurse Ratched and McMurphy, Kesey suggests that manipulating others and challenging authority is an essential part of laughing and freedom. I have come to learn that freedom can be achieved by laughing and it’s a necessity to laugh, therefore it’s a necessity to be free. After reading this novel, it is clear that laughter is crucial part of individuality and without it, we would all be mechanical robots because as Kesey once said â€Å"if you lose your laugh, you lose your footing. â€Å"

Retention Management

What is Employee Retention ? Employee retention refers to the various policies and practices which let the employees stick to an organization for a longer period of time. Every organization invests time and money to groom a new joinee, make him a corporate ready material and bring him at par with the existing employees. The organization is completely at loss when the employees leave their job once they are fully trained. Employee retention takes into account the various measures taken so that an individual stays in an organization for the maximum period of time.Importance of Retention Manage Employee Turnover Employers implement retention strategies to manage employee turnover and attract quality employees into the organization. Retention programs focus on the relationship between management and their workers. Competitive pay, benefits, employee recognition and employee assistance programs are all apart of a company's attempt to maintain employee satisfaction. Human resources special ists utilize feedback they receive from exit interviews and focus groups to improve employee relations and reduce turnover. Cost EffectiveA company can significantly benefit from employee retention programs because of a direct effect on an employer’s bottom line. High turnover can be very expensive. According to the Society for Human Resources Management, â€Å"employee replacement costs can reach as high as 50 to 60 percent of an employee’s annual salary. † Strategies geared towards retaining good workers helps offset employee replacement costs and reduces the indirect costs such as decreased productivity and lost clients. Maintain Performance And Productivity Employee retention practices help support an organization’s productivity.Recruiting and training new employees takes time. An unfilled position means work is not getting done. Even if a position is filled, there is still a learning curve most employees must overcome before their work becomes profit able. Taking the necessary steps to keep current workers satisfied with their roles will ensure productivity is not interrupted. Enhances Recruitment Effective retention strategies often begin during the employee recruitment process. Employees are more inclined to remain with a company that fulfills the promises made when their employment offer was extended.Companies that provide a realistic view of their corporate environment, advancement opportunities and job expectations to new hires can positively influence employee retention. Increases Morale Employees that enjoy what they do and the atmosphere in which they work are more likely to remain employed with their company. Retention strategies are important because they help create a positive work environment and strengthen an employee’s commitment to the organization. Strategies that target employee engagement, such as team-builders and community involvement, increase company morale and give employees a sense of pride in what they do.The procedure of Retention Management The procedure of retention management consists of six steps[5]: 1. Identification of the target and actual needs of the staff 2. Analysis of the fluctuation risk of the staff 3. The Analysis of factors of Motivation/Demotivation of the retention group 4. Identification of the targeted measures 5. Implementation of the measures 6. Evaluation of the measures Step 1: Identification of target and actual needs of the staff The starting point is the corporate strategy and business objectives.The product, market or organisational goals of the company can help to identify strategic staffing needs and the strategic relevant skills of employees. Step 2: Analysis of the fluctuation risk of staff In step 2, the HR manager is interested in the degree of the fluctuation risk. First, it is important, to analyse the common portfolio of the potentials and performance of the employees. In large companies, this could be done through a management audit. In small businesses this can be clarified with an employee interview. This gives the manager information about the power structure in the relevant group.But this information is not enough to estimate the probability of fluctuation. It is also necessary to consider the demand for the relevant skills in the labor market. When a manager combines the results of the analysis he can identify three risk categories, which would cause a priority for the retention management: * Those employees, who are in great demand in the labor market and who have a high capacity, are the key target group for retention management measures. * Those employees, who perform well and whose skills are somewhat in demand in the labor market, have a mean fluctuation risk.Depending on the corporate strategy they are the second important target group for retention management measures. * Employees that have skills that exist in large numbers in the labor market and who also who perform well are currently not a relevant retention target. Step 3: Analysis of factors of Motivation/Demotivation of the retention group Now motivators and demotivators must be found in the identified retention target group. The motivators must be taken into account and demotivators must be removed with the help of appropriate measures, to ensure that the employees develop affective commitment.Motivators and demotivators can be estimated from the outcome of questionnaires. Subsequently a Motivation/Demotivation profile of the retention target group should be formed. Step 4: Identification of the targeted measures The various measures of human resource management relate to different motivational factors. These connections can be used to create a specific matrix in which the action areas of personnel management and appropriate measures will be brought together with the motivational factors. Step 5: Implementation of the measures After the analysis measures will be implemented.Here are some important aspects: * Conceptual fo undations: The measures must be defined and applied according to clear rules, in this context ad hoc measures lead only to short-term success with negative cultural impact. * Cultural fit: Measures must be in accordance with the corporate culture and the existing Management tool system For example, a variable compensation system makes little sense without a performance appraisal system! * Marketing personnel action: The application of the measures must be accompanied by internal communication. Only then the efforts of a retention manager will be perceived! Retention factors: By the design and implementation of retention management policies respect and transparency must be taken into account. Only when these measures convey these values, they will have great influence! Step 6: Evaluation of the measures After the implementation of the measures it is necessary to assess the success of the activities. This can be achieved by comparing the results to the objectives that were set in the retention management strategy. After the expiry of the defined period and after application of the retention policies the manager can check how the objectives were achieved.For example, if the objective was that 80% of the defined strategically relevant staff should be in business at time X, then the manager can determine whether this ratio was reached at time X, and whether it was exceeded or not exceeded. From this statement the manager can derive new measures and draw conclusions about the practice of the concept of retention management. Important conditions for the success of retention management are on the one hand, human resource management in the company, and on the other hand project management of the implementation of retention management. Determinants of Retention CAREER DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIESCareer development is a system which is organized, formalized and it’s a planned effort of achieving a balance between the individual career needs and the organizationâ€⠄¢s workforce requirements (Leiboiwitz et al, 1986). The rapidly growing awareness makes it obvious that people can give the firm its leading edge in the market place. The new challenge for the HR professionals is to identify the developmental strategies which can inspire the commitment of employees to the firm’s mission and values so that the employees become motivated and help the firm to gain and maintain a competitive advantage (Graddick, 1988).A company that wants to strengthen its bond with its employees must invest in the development of their employees (Hall ;amp; Moss, 1998; Hsu, Jiang, Klein ;amp; Tang, 2003; Steel et al. , 2002; Woodruffe, 1999). It entails in creating opportunities for promotion within the company and also providing opportunities for training and skill development that let employees to improve their employability on the internal and/or external labour market (Butler ;amp; Waldrop, 2001). Growth opportunities which were offered by the employers are reduced due to turnover intentions of employees because the lack of training and romotional opportunities was the main cause for high-performers to leave the company (Allen, Shore ;amp; Griffeth, 2003; Steel et al. , 2002). Career development is important for both the organization and individual (Hall, 2002). It’s a mutual benefit process because career development provides the important outcomes for both parties (Hall, 1996; Kyriakidou and Ozbilgin, 2004). Organizations need talented employees for maintaining the sustainable competitive advantage and individuals require career opportunities to develop and grow their competencies (Prince, 2005).SUPERVISOR SUPPORT One of the most important factors that have impact on retention is the relationship between a worker and a supervisor. Supervisors are the â€Å"human face† of an organization. According to Eisenberger and associates (1990), a worker’s view of the organization is strongly influenced by their relationshi p with their supervisor. By having support, workers are less likely to leave an organization and be more engaged by having good relationship and open communication with the supervisor (Greenhaus, 1987).Supervisors interact as a link to practice applications among stated goals and expectations. By harmonizing the competing demands, they support in managing both inside and outside the work environment. If the relationship does not exceed then employee will seek to any other opportunity for new employment and vice versa. The supervisor support is so essential to retention that it can be said that employees leave bosses, not jobs. Organization must groom supervisors to well build the place where employees want to stay.Providing each level of performance and opportunities can enhance their capabilities to work. WORK ENVIRONMENT Numerous studies have attempted to explain work environment in various areas such as for example employee turnover job satisfaction employee turnover, job involve ment and organizational commitment. Work environment is one of the factors that affect employee’s decision to stay with the organization. Hytter (2008) analyzed that work environment has commonly been discussed by industrial perspective, i. e. ith a focus on physical aspects such as, heavy lifts, noise, exposure to toxic substances etc. The interesting part is; characteristics of work environment vary in services sector as compare to production sector because it has to interact with the clients/consumers (Normann 1986). Depending on the kind of business and kind of job, interactions will be more or less frequent and more or less intense. The interaction between employees and consumer/client hence demands a move of focus from the physical to the Psycho social dimension of work environment.Psycho social work environment includes support, work load, demands, decision latitude, stressors etc. It’s very important to recognize the emerging needs of individuals to keep them c ommitted and provide the work environment as necessitate (Ramlall, 2003). Milory (2004) reported that people enjoy working, and strive to work in those organizations that provide positive work environment where they feel they are making difference and where most people in the organization are proficient and pulling together to move the organization forward. REWARDSThe term ‘reward’ is discussed frequently in the literature as something that the organization gives to the employees in response of their contributions and performance and also something which is desired by the employees. A reward can be extrinsic or intrinsic it can be a cash reward such as bounces or it can be recognition such as naming a worker employee of the month, and at other times a reward refers to a tangible incentive, reward is the thing that an organization gives to the employee in response of their contribution or performance so that the employees become motivated for future positive behavior.In a corporate environment rewards can take several forms. It includes, cash bonuses, recognition awards, free merchandise and free trips. It is very important that the rewards have a lasting impression on the employee and it will continue to substantiate the employee’s perception that they are valued. Rewards are very important for job satisfaction because it fulfills the basic needs as well as helps to attain the higher level of goals. Earnings is the way by which worker get to know that how much they are gaining by dedicating their time, effort and skills in a job.Attractive remuneration packages are one of the very important factors of retention because it fulfills the financial and material desires as well as provide the means of being social by employee’s status and position of power in the organization. Many researchers demonstrate that there is a great deal of inter-individual difference in understanding the significance of financial rewards for employee retention . An organization’s reward system can affect the performance of the employee and their desire to remain employed. WORK-LIFE POLICIESMany researchers tested the impact of work and family benefits which comprise of flexible schedules, childcare assistance, parental leave, childcare information and parental leave on organization commitment. Researches showed that there is greater organizational commitment if employees had access to work life policies and also these employees articulated considerably with lower intent to renounce their profession. Today a major concern in business is Workplace flexibility. The one thing becomes very clear that money alone is not enough; employees are willing to trade a certain amount of money for reduced work hours in their schedules.It is argued by the researchers that reduced work hour options should have the potential of win-win situation for both individuals and organizations, there should be a fit between the schedule the person needs and th e actual number of hours worked. Distress and fatigue from excessive time on job can lead to decline in performances of the employee and also it affects the safety level. A large amount of time at work is not a good predictor of productivity and it is observed that periods of time away from work can be extremely beneficial to the quality and productivity of a person’s work.The employee willingness to opt for reduced –hours schedules is not simply a matter of scheduling it involves redesigning work arrangements which leads to change in organization culture and careers, viable reduced-hours career options require simultaneous changes in the areas of compensation, assignments and promotions. So it is more cost-effective and productive for management to design the work arrangements to fit the human than it is force the human to fit the system (Barnet ;amp; Hall, 2001).By applying work-life course of actions, an organization can enhance its ability to respond to demands of customers for better access to services and also the tactics for the organizations to deal with the revolutionized way in order to satisfy both employees and employers . ABSENTEEISM Absenteeism is a serious workplace problem and an expensive occurrence for both employersand employees seemingly unpredictable in nature. A satisfactory level of attendance byemployees at work is necessary to allow the achievement of objectives and targetsby a department. Employee Absenteeism is the absence of an employee from work.It is a major problem faced by almost all employers of today. Employees are absentfrom work and thus the work suffers. Absenteeism of employees from work leads toback logs, piling of work and thus work delay. Absenteeism is of two types -1. Innocent absenteeism – Is one in which the employee is absent from workdue to genuine cause or reason. It may be due to his illness or personalfamily problem or any other real reason2. Culpable Absenteeism – is one in which a person is absent from workwithout any genuine reason or cause. He may be pretending to be ill or justwanted a holiday and stay at home.Many employees will, on occasions, need a few days off work because of illness, however, whenabsences become more frequent or long term and reach an unacceptable level, action bymanagement is necessary. Absence from work can be expensive in both monetary and humanterms. The costs incurred when an employee is absent from work may include:(i) Replacing the employee or requiring other staff to cover the absence;(ii) Inability to provide services, or achieve section and departmental objectives;(iii) Low morale and general dissatisfaction from other staff, particularly if the absence isHigh absenteeism in the workplace may be indicative of poor morale, but absences can also be caused by workplace hazards or sick building syndrome. Many employers use statistics such as the Bradford factor that do not distinguish between genuine illness and absence for inap propriate reasons. As a result, many employees feel obliged to come to work while ill, and transmit communicable diseases to their co-workers. This leads to even greater absenteeism and reduced productivity among other workers who try to work while ill.Work forces often excuse absenteeism caused by medical reasons if the worker supplies a doctor's note or other form of documentation. Sometimes, people choose not to show up for work and do not call in advance, which businesses may find to be unprofessional and inconsiderate. This is called a â€Å"no call, no show†. According to Nelson & Quick (2008) people who are dissatisfied with their jobs are absent more frequently. They went on to say that the type of dissatisfaction that most often leads employees to miss work is dissatisfaction with the work itself.The psychological model that discusses this is the â€Å"withdrawal model†, which assumes that absenteeism represents individual withdrawal from dissatisfying wor king conditions. This finds empirical support in a negative association between absence and job satisfaction, especially satisfaction with the work itself. [1] Medical-based understanding of absenteeism find support in research that links absenteeism with smoking, problem drinking, low back pain, and migraines. [2] Absence ascribed to medical causes is often still, at least in part, voluntary.Research shows that over one trillion dollars is lost annually due to productivity shortages as a result of medical-related absenteeism, and that increased focus on preventative wellness could reduce these costs. [3] The line between psychological and medical causation is blurry, given that there are positive links between both work stress and depression and absenteeism. [2] Depressive tendencies may lie behind some of the absence ascribed to poor physical health, as with adoption of a â€Å"culturally approved sick role†.This places the adjective â€Å"sickness† before the word à ¢â‚¬Å"absence†, and carries a burden of more proof than is usually offered. Evidence indicates that absence is generally viewed as â€Å"mildly deviant workplace behavior†. For example, people tend to hold negative stereotypes of absentees, under report their own absenteeism, and believe their own attendance record is better than that of their peers. Negative attributions about absence then bring about three outcomes: the behavior is open to social control, sensitive to social context, and is a potential source of workplace conflict.Thomas suggests that there tends to be a higher level of stress with people who work with or interact with a narcissist, which in turn increases absenteeism and staff turnover TURNOVER Employee turnover is the process of replacing one worker with another for any reason. A turnover rate is the percentage of employees that a company must replace within a given time period. This rate is a concern to most companies because employee turnover can be a costly expense, especially for lower-paying jobs, which typically have the highest turnover rates. Having n employee leave a company, either because of his or her choice or after being fired or otherwise let go, might require various administrative tasks to be performed and severance pay or other payments made to the employee. Replacing the employee might require such things as advertising the open position, using a so-called headhunter or other service to find potential job candidates, bringing in candidates for interviews and eventually training the new employee. Types Of Turnover The two general types of turnover are voluntary and involuntary.Voluntary turnover is when the employee chooses to leave for whatever reason. Involuntary turnover is caused by layoffs and similar actions where the decision for an employee to leave is made by the company and not the employee. As a general rule, voluntary turnover is the measure used to discuss and compare employers. It is the type mo st directly affected by the front line supervisors. Involuntary turnover, caused by layoffs, can be a long-term result of high levels of voluntary turnover. What Is Turnover RateTurnover rate is a calculation of the number of employees who have left the company and it is expressed as a percentage of the total number of employees. Although turnover rate is usually calculated and reported as a percentage per year it can be for different periods. How to prevent turnover Employees are important in any running of a business; without them the business would be unsuccessful. However, more and more employers today are finding that employees remain for approximately 23 to 24 months, according to the 2006 Bureau of Labor Statistics.The Employment Policy Foundation states that it costs a company an average of $15,000  per employee, which includes separation costs, including paperwork, unemployment; vacancy costs, including overtime or temporary employees; and replacement costs including adve rtisement, interview time, relocation, training, and decreased productivity when colleagues depart. Providing a stimulating workplace environment, which fosters happy, motivated and empowered individuals, lowers employee turnover and absentee rates. 10] Promoting a work environment that fosters personal and professional growth promotes harmony and encouragement on all levels, so the effects are felt company wide. [10] Continual training and reinforcement develops a work force that is competent, consistent, competitive, effective and efficient. [10] Beginning on the first day of work, providing the individual with the necessary skills to perform their job is important. [11]Before the first day, it is important the interview and hiring process expose new hires to an explanation of the company, so individuals know whether the job is their best choice. 12] Networking and strategizing within the company provides ongoing performance management and helps build relationships among co-worker s. [12] It is also important to motivate employees to focus on customer success, profitable growth and the company well-being . [12] Employers can keep their employees informed and involved by including them in future plans, new purchases, policy changes, as well as introducing new employees to the employees who have gone above and beyond in meetings. [12] Early engagement and engagement along the way, shows employees they are valuable through information or recognition rewards, making them feel included. 12] When companies hire the best people, new talent hired and veterans are enabled to reach company goals, maximizing the investment of each employee. [12] Taking the time to listen to employees and making them feel involved will create loyalty, in turn reducing turnover allowing for growth. ATTRITION Attrition or Employee Attrition is a voluntary reduction in an organization’s manpower through resignations or retirements. A high attrition rate causes a high employee turnove r in an organization, reducing quantity and quality of an organization’s manpower.This in turn causes a huge expenditure on human resource, by contributing towards repeated acquisition, training and development, and performance management. Attrition or voluntary turnover, although undesirable to any firm, is not completely avoidable. Yet, by improving employee morale and providing a satisfactory working environment, this problem can be nullified to a greater extent. A major cause for voluntary turnover is uninteresting and unchallenging job that offers boredom rather than enthusiasm for employees. Employees who experience boredom at work usually try exploring alternatives to make their work life happier.An easy track to retain these employees is by adopting some sort of job shift through job enrichment, empowerment, de-jobbing, or job rotation. There is also a great impact from the working environment that an organization offers to its employees. An unhappy employee with orga nizational culture, superiors, subordinates, or even customers cause high attrition rate to that organization. These employees can also influence his peers and subordinates by sharing their feelings and opinion. There is also another group of employees who hunt for better alternatives and hop as they get one.These employees may rather spend their majority of working hours in searching new options than contributing to the present employer. This means, behaviour and attitude of an employee also can cause attrition. Why do Employees Leave the Organization? It is said that people leave their bosses,not organizations. When employees are happy with their superiors they choose to stay, if not they look for a switch. So now I see the following reasons to Leave the Boss * Higher pay * Work timings * Career growth * Higher education * Relocation to other places Women leave the job after marriage to take up their house-hold duties * Work pressure * Work Environment * Poor performance. * Losing faith on merger/acquisition * Verbal abuse The Brighter Side of Attrition * A poor performer is replaced by a more effective employee * A senior retirement allows the promotion or acquisition of welcome ‘fresh blood'. * When business is slack it is straight forward to hold off filling recently created vacancies for some weeks. Diagnosing Attrition Commonly Used Techniques in the Industry: 1. Surveys : They are commonly used as part of the information gathering process.They are a reasonable way of obtaining relevant information, though response rates are often disappointing. Questionnaires need to be designed carefully to be effective. They should be easy to use, anonymous and fairly brief. Questions can be open or closed, multiple choice answers, ranking of items or checklist format. 2. Exit Interviews : Exit interviews are used by the majority of companies. They tend to be conducted just before an employee leaves, though some firms wait until after the departure. Exit interv iews will normally to be done in the form of a questionnaire, though one to one interviews are also used.